That same year, they defeated another Roman army at the Battle of Burdigala (modern day Bordeaux) and killed its commander, the consul Lucius Cassius Longinus Ravalla. In 107 BC, the Romans were defeated again, this time by the Tigurini, who were allies of the Cimbri whom they had met on their way through the Alps. In 109 BC, they invaded the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis and defeated the Roman army there under Marcus Junius Silanus. Italy was now open to invasion, yet for some reason, the Cimbri and their allies moved west over the Alps and into Gaul. Infuriated by this treachery, they attacked and, at the Battle of Noreia, annihilated Carbo's army, almost killing Carbo in the process. The Cimbri initially set about complying peacefully with Rome's demands, but soon discovered that Carbo had laid an ambush against them. The following year the Roman consul Gnaeus Papirius Carbo led the legions into Noricum, and after making an impressive show of force, took up a strong defensive position and demanded that the Cimbri and their allies leave the province immediately. Unable to hold back these new, powerful invaders on their own, the Taurisci called on Rome for aid. In 113 BC they arrived on the Danube, in Noricum, home to the Roman-allied Taurisci. Together they defeated the Scordisci, along with the Boii, many of whom apparently joined them. Migrations and conflicts Īccording to some Roman accounts, sometime around 120–115 BC, the Cimbri left their original lands around the North Sea due to flooding ( Strabo, on the other hand, wrote that this was unlikely or impossible ) They supposedly journeyed to the south-east and were soon joined by their neighbours and possible relatives the Teutones. Some of the surviving captives are reported to have been among the rebelling gladiators during the Third Servile War. Rome was finally victorious, and its Germanic adversaries, who had inflicted on the Roman armies the heaviest losses that they had suffered since the Second Punic War, with victories at the battles of Arausio and Noreia, were left almost completely annihilated after Roman victories at Aquae Sextiae and Vercellae. The Cimbrian threat, along with the Jugurthine War, inspired the landmark Marian reforms of the Roman legions. The war contributed greatly to the political career of Gaius Marius, whose consulships and political conflicts challenged many of the Roman Republic's political institutions and customs of the time. The timing of the war had a great effect on the internal politics of Rome, and the organization of its military. The Cimbrian War was the first time since the Second Punic War that Italia and Rome itself had been seriously threatened. The English word orange begins to be used to designate the color orange in the 16th century.The Cimbrian or Cimbric War (113–101 BC) was fought between the Roman Republic and the Germanic and Celtic tribes of the Cimbri and the Teutons, Ambrones and Tigurini, who migrated from the Jutland peninsula into Roman controlled territory, and clashed with Rome and her allies. In the final stage in the journey of the word, the Old French form was borrowed into Middle English, at first spelled orenge in a text dating from around 1400. Old Italian melarancio was translated into Old French as pume d'orenge, "apple of the orange tree." The a in the Old Italian word was replaced by o in Old French due to the influence of the name of the town of Orange (from which oranges reached the northern part of France) and possibly also due to the influence of the Old French word or, "gold" (by association with the rich color of the fruit). The Arabic word is the source of Old Italian arancio, "orange tree," and this word was compounded with Old Italian mela, "apple," to make melarancio, referring to the fruit of the orange tree. The Arabs brought the first oranges to Spain and Sicily between the 8th and 10th centuries, and from there the popularity of the fruit spread throughout Europe. As the fruit passed westward from India, so did the word for it, becoming Persian nārang and Arabic nāranj. The modern Tamil word for an orange, for example, is nāram, and in ancient times, a Dravidian word similar to this was adopted into the Indo-European language Sanskrit as nāraṅgaḥ. The ultimate origins of the word lie in the Dravidian language family, a family of languages spoken in South Asia that includes Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, and Telugu. Word History: If we trace the origin of the English word orange from its source, we follow the path of the fruit as its popularity expands from Asia to Europe.
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